“But the more they were oppressed, the more they multiplied and
spread; so the Egyptians came to dread the Israelites.”
— Exodus 1:12 (New International Version)
The story of Exodus emerges from a rich and challenging historical context. At the outset of Exodus chapter 1, we transition from the hopeful narratives of Joseph in Genesis, where the Israelites are welcomed into Egypt during a famine, into a darker chapter of oppression and fear. Historically, this shift could correspond to political changes occurring in ancient Egypt, possibly the rise of a new dynasty (sometimes linked by scholars to the Hyksos expulsion period, though this connection remains debated). The new king “who did not know Joseph” (Ex. 1:8) highlights both a historical transition and a subtle theological point: human memory is brief and mutable, but God remembers and remains faithful.
In the culture of the ancient Near East, offspring and population growth represented divine blessing (Genesis 1:28; Psalm 127:3-5). Thus, the rapid multiplication of Israelites in verse 7 is not merely demographic but profoundly theological—it illustrates God’s underlying faithfulness and promise-keeping, even in the midst of earthly threat and mistreatment.
A core theological theme apparent in Exodus 1 is the quiet and sometimes hidden hand of divine providence at work, even during hardships. Despite the painful persecution imposed by Pharaoh, the people of Israel not only survived—they flourished (Exodus 1:12). This reflects the biblical principle echoed in Romans 8:28 (New International Version):
“And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him, who have been called according to his purpose.”
In moments of affliction, difficulty, and seeming abandonment, Christians throughout history have drawn strength from recognizing God’s visibility beneath the surface of circumstances. Exodus chapter 1 reminds us that no earthly power—no matter how ruthless—can derail God’s promises.
The Hebrew midwives, Shiphrah and Puah (Exodus 1:15-20), provide a model of faith-driven integrity. Their simple but heroic act of civil disobedience—refusal to obey Pharaoh’s murderous instructions—speaks deeply to a believer’s call to honor God above human authorities when morality is compromised. Their courage resulted in personal vindication and nation-wide preservation.
This narrative has historically inspired believers facing persecution and unjust laws. Augustine, in his “City of God,” praised such acts of righteous defiance, reminding Christians that their ultimate allegiance belongs to God’s eternal law rather than earthly commands. Shiphrah and Puah contrast powerfully with Pharaoh. The king, despite possessing absolute authority and power, could not thwart God’s plans conducted through humble yet courageous individuals.
Notably, names often carry significant meaning in Hebrew culture. The midwives are explicitly named—Shiphrah and Puah—yet Pharaoh, the ruler of Egypt, remains unnamed. The narrator subtly indicates where honor truly resides: not with earthly status, but with faithful obedience. Furthermore, the Hebrew word describing the vigorous strength of Hebrew women (חָיוֹת, “ḥāyôt”, translated “vigorous” or “lively” in Exodus 1:19) carries implications of resilience, strength, and life—contrasting sharply with Pharaoh’s deadly decrees. It emphasizes that God grants life and vitality in direct opposition to worldly oppression and death.
To reflect upon the courage required to remain faithful amidst oppression or hostile culture, consider singing or meditating upon the hymn, “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God” by Martin Luther. Its powerful words illustrate God as an ever-present refuge, a shield against oppression and pain, reminiscent of God’s sustaining hand displayed quietly throughout Exodus 1:
“Did we in our own strength confide,
Our striving would be losing;
Were not the right Man on our side,
The Man of God’s own choosing…
Let goods and kindred go, this mortal life also;
The body they may kill; God’s truth abideth still,
His Kingdom is forever.”
Today’s devotional invites us—as followers of Christ—to reflect courageously upon our response to injustice, suffering, and challenges. Like the courageous midwives, we must choose daily whose approval we seek. Do we risk temporary hardship for long-term faithfulness and eternal blessing? Are we alert enough to perceive God’s quieter works especially when circumstances obscure Him?
Almighty and Everlasting God,
We praise You for Your sovereign hand at work in every circumstance,
even those that appear against us. Grant us clarity to see Your presence
in difficulties, strength to act courageously and compassionately, and
faithfulness to trust Your promises.
Help us prize eternal truths above temporal comforts and to seek
obedience to Your word above approval from people.
Through Jesus Christ our Lord,
Amen.